Perth, 75-85 High Street | Canmore

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Archaeology Notes

MyCanmore Images

Building (14th Century), Tannery (Medieval), Town Wall (13th Century)

Site Name Perth, 75-85 High Street

Classification Building (14th Century), Tannery (Medieval), Town Wall (13th Century)

Alternative Name(s) 6-10 Mill Street

Canmore ID 28257

Site Number NO12SW 103

NGR NO 1188 2365

Datum OSGB36 - NGR

C14 Radiocarbon Dating

Permalink http://canmore.org.uk/site/28257

Digital Images

Probable oar-port shutter from a 13th-century context. Such devices were intended to keep the oar-ports of clinker-built ships weather-proof when not in use. They were mounted on pivots inside the hull so they could be swung clear when the ports needed to be open, and were equipped with an arrangement whereby they could be secured in whichever position was required. The triangular appendage on this example presumably fulfilled this function and the two small notches near its point were no doubt intended for a fixing loop. The use of such a cover implies a vessel with greater freeboard than one whose oars were operated from tholes set atop the gunwale. This object is therefore a relic of what was probably a substantial sea-going ship propelled primarily by sail. It may not have been dissimilar to the well-known sailing galley depicted on the tomb of Alexander MacLeod at Rodel in Harris. (Cat No 354/A6476)

DP 151000

Probable oar-port shutter from a 13th-century context. Such devices were intended to keep the oar-ports of clinker-built ships weather-proof when not in use. They were mounted on pivots inside the hull so they could be swung clear when the ports needed to be open, and were equipped with an arrangement whereby they could be secured in whichever position was required. The triangular appendage on this example presumably fulfilled this function and the two small notches near its point were no doubt intended for a fixing loop. The use of such a cover implies a vessel with greater freeboard than one whose oars were operated from tholes set atop the gunwale. This object is therefore a relic of what was probably a substantial sea-going ship propelled primarily by sail. It may not have been dissimilar to the well-known sailing galley depicted on the tomb of Alexander MacLeod at Rodel in Harris. (Cat No 354/A6476)

View full details

Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin

© Courtesy of HES (Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin Collection)

An oak claw thole from a clinker-built vessel, apparently re-used in a building in a context dating from the second half of the 12th century. These devices were mounted on top of the gunwale as fulcrums against which the oars were pivoted. The oars were restrained on the backstroke by a rope or leather thong grommet for which the hole was provided. These items are a common feature of early Northern-European boats and have survived in Scandinavia into modern times. One was recognised as a sand-impression on the 7th-century AD Sutton Hoo ship, while others have been identified on the 4th-century AD Nydam ship, and on the small faering found with the 9th-century AD Gokstad ship. (Cat No 84/A6085)

DP 150985

An oak claw thole from a clinker-built vessel, apparently re-used in a building in a context dating from the second half of the 12th century. These devices were mounted on top of the gunwale as fulcrums against which the oars were pivoted. The oars were restrained on the backstroke by a rope or leather thong grommet for which the hole was provided. These items are a common feature of early Northern-European boats and have survived in Scandinavia into modern times. One was recognised as a sand-impression on the 7th-century AD Sutton Hoo ship, while others have been identified on the 4th-century AD Nydam ship, and on the small faering found with the 9th-century AD Gokstad ship. (Cat No 84/A6085)

View full details

Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin

© Courtesy of HES (Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin Collection)

Clinker-type frame timber of oak. This is a "grown" timber; that is, it is fashioned from part of a tree where a natural junction provides the basis for the required shape. The bottom of the frame has been squared off to accommodate a keel approximately 90 mm wide. On one side of the keel (the right-hand in this photograph) a 30-mm square cut has been made. This is to create a passage (limber-hole) to allow water to drain freely to a well where it can be pumped or baled. Above this, a series of stepped recesses on the outer edge of the frame indicates at least four runs of overlapping clinker planking. The first three strakes flare evenly upwards, while the fourth shows a distinct flattening out. This suggests a flared V-bottom such as might be expected towards one or other of the vessel's extremities. Scale 50 cm. (Cat No 104/A12578)

DP 150987

Clinker-type frame timber of oak. This is a "grown" timber; that is, it is fashioned from part of a tree where a natural junction provides the basis for the required shape. The bottom of the frame has been squared off to accommodate a keel approximately 90 mm wide. On one side of the keel (the right-hand in this photograph) a 30-mm square cut has been made. This is to create a passage (limber-hole) to allow water to drain freely to a well where it can be pumped or baled. Above this, a series of stepped recesses on the outer edge of the frame indicates at least four runs of overlapping clinker planking. The first three strakes flare evenly upwards, while the fourth shows a distinct flattening out. This suggests a flared V-bottom such as might be expected towards one or other of the vessel's extremities. Scale 50 cm. (Cat No 104/A12578)

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Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin

© Courtesy of HES (Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin Collection)

Alternative view of Perth12. Scale in cm.

DP 150994

Alternative view of Perth12. Scale in cm.

View full details

Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin

© Courtesy of HES (Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin Collection)

Wrought-iron rivets and roves. These were primarily associated with clinker boatbuilding to fasten the edges of overlapping planks, but were also used for studding doors. Scale in cm.

DP 150995

Wrought-iron rivets and roves. These were primarily associated with clinker boatbuilding to fasten the edges of overlapping planks, but were also used for studding doors. Scale in cm.

View full details

Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin

© Courtesy of HES (Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin Collection)

Three grown-timber boat frames (for B see Perth07, for C Perth08). (Cat Nos 88/A12563, 104/A12578 and 121/A12522)

DP 150996

Three grown-timber boat frames (for B see Perth07, for C Perth08). (Cat Nos 88/A12563, 104/A12578 and 121/A12522)

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Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin

© Courtesy of HES (Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin Collection)

A selection of wrought-iron rivets and roves (see Perth15). These were primarily associated with clinker boatbuilding, but were also used for studding doors. Scale in cm.

DP 150999

A selection of wrought-iron rivets and roves (see Perth15). These were primarily associated with clinker boatbuilding, but were also used for studding doors. Scale in cm.

View full details

Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin

© Courtesy of HES (Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin Collection)

Upright thole from a clinker-built vessel, re-used in a 13th-century context. The wood is oak, from which a suitably-shaped branch-junction has been selected. On either side of the upright can be seen the stumps of two iron rods, on the centreline of the timber,. These are probably the remains of pins designed to retain the oar on the return stroke. That one is located on either side suggests that the vessel on which the thole was mounted was intended to be rowed in both directions. Upright tholes are much less common in the medieval period than claw tholes. This rarity suggests that this piece may have belonged to specialised vessel. A double-ended ferry seems a possibility. (Cat No 269/A05–0224)

DP 150983

Upright thole from a clinker-built vessel, re-used in a 13th-century context. The wood is oak, from which a suitably-shaped branch-junction has been selected. On either side of the upright can be seen the stumps of two iron rods, on the centreline of the timber,. These are probably the remains of pins designed to retain the oar on the return stroke. That one is located on either side suggests that the vessel on which the thole was mounted was intended to be rowed in both directions. Upright tholes are much less common in the medieval period than claw tholes. This rarity suggests that this piece may have belonged to specialised vessel. A double-ended ferry seems a possibility. (Cat No 269/A05–0224)

View full details

Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin

© Courtesy of HES (Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin Collection)

Clinker-type frame timber of oak. This is a "grown" timber; that is, it is fashioned from part of a tree where a natural junction provides the basis for the required shape. The bottom of the frame has been squared off to accommodate a keel approximately 90 mm wide. On one side of the keel (the right-hand in this photography) a 30-mm square cut has been made. This is to create a passage (limber-hole) to allow water to drain freely to a point where it can be pumped or baled. Above this, a series of stepped recesses on the outer edge of the frame indicates at least four runs of overlapping clinker planking. The first three strakes flare evenly upwards, while the fourth shows a distinct flattening out. This suggests a flared V-bottom such as might be expected towards one or other of the vessel's extremities. Scale 50 cm.

DP 150984

Clinker-type frame timber of oak. This is a "grown" timber; that is, it is fashioned from part of a tree where a natural junction provides the basis for the required shape. The bottom of the frame has been squared off to accommodate a keel approximately 90 mm wide. On one side of the keel (the right-hand in this photography) a 30-mm square cut has been made. This is to create a passage (limber-hole) to allow water to drain freely to a point where it can be pumped or baled. Above this, a series of stepped recesses on the outer edge of the frame indicates at least four runs of overlapping clinker planking. The first three strakes flare evenly upwards, while the fourth shows a distinct flattening out. This suggests a flared V-bottom such as might be expected towards one or other of the vessel's extremities. Scale 50 cm.

View full details

Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin

© Courtesy of HES (Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin Collection)

The reverse side of Perth05. Scale 25 cm. (Cat No 84/A6085)

DP 150986

The reverse side of Perth05. Scale 25 cm. (Cat No 84/A6085)

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Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin

© Courtesy of HES (Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin Collection)

Unused wrought-iron roves used to secure the rivet fastenings on the inside of the plank-joins. They were produced in strips with pre-struck holes for the rivet shank, and chisel-cuts so they could be broken off like pieces of chocolate. Scale in cm.

DP 150992

Unused wrought-iron roves used to secure the rivet fastenings on the inside of the plank-joins. They were produced in strips with pre-struck holes for the rivet shank, and chisel-cuts so they could be broken off like pieces of chocolate. Scale in cm.

View full details

Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin

© Courtesy of HES (Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin Collection)

Perth, 75-85 High Street, NO12SW 103, Ordnance Survey index card, page number 2, Recto

SC 2397270

Perth, 75-85 High Street, NO12SW 103, Ordnance Survey index card, page number 2, Recto

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Records of the Ordnance Survey, Southampton, Hampshire, England

c. 1958

© Crown Copyright: HES (Ordnance Survey Archaeology Division)

Perth, 75-85 High Street, NO12SW 103, Ordnance Survey index card, page number 3, Recto

SC 2397271

Perth, 75-85 High Street, NO12SW 103, Ordnance Survey index card, page number 3, Recto

View full details

Records of the Ordnance Survey, Southampton, Hampshire, England

c. 1958

© Crown Copyright: HES (Ordnance Survey Archaeology Division)

An oak claw thole from a clinker-built vessel, apparently re-used in a building in a context dating from the second half of the 12th century. These devices were mounted on top of the gunwale as fulcrums against which the oars were pivoted. The oars were restrained on the backstroke by a rope or leather thong grommet for which the upper holes was provided. These items are a common feature of early Northern European boats and have survived in Scandinavia into modern times. One was recognised as a sand-impression on the 7th-century AD Sutton Hoo ship, while others have been identified on the 4th-century AD Nydam ship, and on the small faering found with the 9th-century AD Gokstadt ship. (Cat No 84/A6085)

DP 150982

An oak claw thole from a clinker-built vessel, apparently re-used in a building in a context dating from the second half of the 12th century. These devices were mounted on top of the gunwale as fulcrums against which the oars were pivoted. The oars were restrained on the backstroke by a rope or leather thong grommet for which the upper holes was provided. These items are a common feature of early Northern European boats and have survived in Scandinavia into modern times. One was recognised as a sand-impression on the 7th-century AD Sutton Hoo ship, while others have been identified on the 4th-century AD Nydam ship, and on the small faering found with the 9th-century AD Gokstadt ship. (Cat No 84/A6085)

View full details

Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin

© Courtesy of HES (Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin Collection)

Top view of upright thole (Perth03 and Perth10). Overall length 76 cm. (Cat No 269/A05–0224)

DP 150991

Top view of upright thole (Perth03 and Perth10). Overall length 76 cm. (Cat No 269/A05–0224)

View full details

Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin

© Courtesy of HES (Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin Collection)

Perth, 75-85 High Street, NO12SW 103, Ordnance Survey index card, page number 1, Recto

SC 2397272

Perth, 75-85 High Street, NO12SW 103, Ordnance Survey index card, page number 1, Recto

View full details

Records of the Ordnance Survey, Southampton, Hampshire, England

c. 1958

© Crown Copyright: HES (Ordnance Survey Archaeology Division)

Probable oar-port shutter from a 13th-century context. Such devices were intended to keep the oar-ports of clinker-built ships weather-proof when not in use. They were mounted on pivots inside the hull so they could be swung clear when the ports needed to be open, and were equipped with an arrangement whereby they could be secured in whichever position was required. The triangular appendage on this example presumably fulfilled this function and the two small notches near its point were no doubt intended for a fixing loop. The use of such a cover implies a vessel with greater freeboard than one whose oars were operated from tholes set atop the gunwale. This object is therefore a relic of what was probably a substantial sea-gong ship propelled primarily by sail. It may not have been dissimilar to the well-known sailing galley depicted on the tomb of Alexander MacLeod at Rodel in Harris. (Cat No 354/A6476)

DP 150981

Probable oar-port shutter from a 13th-century context. Such devices were intended to keep the oar-ports of clinker-built ships weather-proof when not in use. They were mounted on pivots inside the hull so they could be swung clear when the ports needed to be open, and were equipped with an arrangement whereby they could be secured in whichever position was required. The triangular appendage on this example presumably fulfilled this function and the two small notches near its point were no doubt intended for a fixing loop. The use of such a cover implies a vessel with greater freeboard than one whose oars were operated from tholes set atop the gunwale. This object is therefore a relic of what was probably a substantial sea-gong ship propelled primarily by sail. It may not have been dissimilar to the well-known sailing galley depicted on the tomb of Alexander MacLeod at Rodel in Harris. (Cat No 354/A6476)

View full details

Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin

© Courtesy of HES (Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin Collection)

This oak frame timber has many similarities to Perth07. In view of the relatively close spatial and chronological contexts within which they were found, both may be parts of the same vessel. The seating for the keel, as with Perth07, is 90 mm wide, while a similar 30-mm limber-hole is present. If they are from the same hull then the limber-holes, which must have been located along the same side of the keel to permit a free run of water, provide a relative orientation. This suggests that the two frames may come from towards the opposite ends of the vessel. Scale 50 cm. (Cat No 88/A12563)

DP 150988

This oak frame timber has many similarities to Perth07. In view of the relatively close spatial and chronological contexts within which they were found, both may be parts of the same vessel. The seating for the keel, as with Perth07, is 90 mm wide, while a similar 30-mm limber-hole is present. If they are from the same hull then the limber-holes, which must have been located along the same side of the keel to permit a free run of water, provide a relative orientation. This suggests that the two frames may come from towards the opposite ends of the vessel. Scale 50 cm. (Cat No 88/A12563)

View full details

Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin

© Courtesy of HES (Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin Collection)

Top view of claw thole (see Perth 05-06). (Cat No 84/A6085)

DP 150989

Top view of claw thole (see Perth 05-06). (Cat No 84/A6085)

View full details

Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin

© Courtesy of HES (Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin Collection)

Bar-chart showing plank-joint thicknesses as indicated by the shank-length between the rivet-head and rove of the boat fastenings (see Perth15 and 19).

DP 150997

Bar-chart showing plank-joint thicknesses as indicated by the shank-length between the rivet-head and rove of the boat fastenings (see Perth15 and 19).

View full details

Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin

© Courtesy of HES (Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin Collection)

Both types of tholes from clinker-built boats (see Perth02, 03, 09-11). (Cat Nos 84/A6085 and 269/A05–0224)

DP 150998

Both types of tholes from clinker-built boats (see Perth02, 03, 09-11). (Cat Nos 84/A6085 and 269/A05–0224)

View full details

Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin

© Courtesy of HES (Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin Collection)

Reverse side of upright thole (Perth03). Overall length 76 cm. (Cat No 269/A05–0224)

DP 150990

Reverse side of upright thole (Perth03). Overall length 76 cm. (Cat No 269/A05–0224)

View full details

Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin

© Courtesy of HES (Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin Collection)

Reverse view of Perth12. Scale in cm.

DP 150993

Reverse view of Perth12. Scale in cm.

View full details

Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin

© Courtesy of HES (Dr Colin and Dr Paula Martin Collection)

Perth, 75-85 High Street, NO12SW 103, Ordnance Survey index card, Recto

SC 2397269

Perth, 75-85 High Street, NO12SW 103, Ordnance Survey index card, Recto

View full details

Records of the Ordnance Survey, Southampton, Hampshire, England

c. 1958

© Crown Copyright: HES (Ordnance Survey Archaeology Division)

Probable oar-port shutter from a 13th-century context. Such devices were intended to keep the oar-ports of clinker-built ships weather-proof when not in use. They were mounted on pivots inside the hull so they could be swung clear when the ports needed to be open, and were equipped with an arrangement whereby they could be secured in whichever position was required. The triangular appendage on this example presumably fulfilled this function and the two small notches near its point were no doubt intended for a fixing loop. The use of such a cover implies a vessel with greater freeboard than one whose oars were operated from tholes set atop the gunwale. This object is therefore a relic of what was probably a substantial sea-going ship propelled primarily by sail. It may not have been dissimilar to the well-known sailing galley depicted on the tomb of Alexander MacLeod at Rodel in Harris. (Cat No 354/A6476)

An oak claw thole from a clinker-built vessel, apparently re-used in a building in a context dating from the second half of the 12th century. These devices were mounted on top of the gunwale as fulcrums against which the oars were pivoted. The oars were restrained on the backstroke by a rope or leather thong grommet for which the hole was provided. These items are a common feature of early Northern-European boats and have survived in Scandinavia into modern times. One was recognised as a sand-impression on the 7th-century AD Sutton Hoo ship, while others have been identified on the 4th-century AD Nydam ship, and on the small faering found with the 9th-century AD Gokstad ship. (Cat No 84/A6085)

Clinker-type frame timber of oak. This is a "grown" timber; that is, it is fashioned from part of a tree where a natural junction provides the basis for the required shape. The bottom of the frame has been squared off to accommodate a keel approximately 90 mm wide. On one side of the keel (the right-hand in this photograph) a 30-mm square cut has been made. This is to create a passage (limber-hole) to allow water to drain freely to a well where it can be pumped or baled. Above this, a series of stepped recesses on the outer edge of the frame indicates at least four runs of overlapping clinker planking. The first three strakes flare evenly upwards, while the fourth shows a distinct flattening out. This suggests a flared V-bottom such as might be expected towards one or other of the vessel's extremities. Scale 50 cm. (Cat No 104/A12578)

Alternative view of Perth12. Scale in cm.

Wrought-iron rivets and roves. These were primarily associated with clinker boatbuilding to fasten the edges of overlapping planks, but were also used for studding doors. Scale in cm.

Three grown-timber boat frames (for B see Perth07, for C Perth08). (Cat Nos 88/A12563, 104/A12578 and 121/A12522)

A selection of wrought-iron rivets and roves (see Perth15). These were primarily associated with clinker boatbuilding, but were also used for studding doors. Scale in cm.

Upright thole from a clinker-built vessel, re-used in a 13th-century context. The wood is oak, from which a suitably-shaped branch-junction has been selected. On either side of the upright can be seen the stumps of two iron rods, on the centreline of the timber,. These are probably the remains of pins designed to retain the oar on the return stroke. That one is located on either side suggests that the vessel on which the thole was mounted was intended to be rowed in both directions. Upright tholes are much less common in the medieval period than claw tholes. This rarity suggests that this piece may have belonged to specialised vessel. A double-ended ferry seems a possibility. (Cat No 269/A05–0224)

Clinker-type frame timber of oak. This is a "grown" timber; that is, it is fashioned from part of a tree where a natural junction provides the basis for the required shape. The bottom of the frame has been squared off to accommodate a keel approximately 90 mm wide. On one side of the keel (the right-hand in this photography) a 30-mm square cut has been made. This is to create a passage (limber-hole) to allow water to drain freely to a point where it can be pumped or baled. Above this, a series of stepped recesses on the outer edge of the frame indicates at least four runs of overlapping clinker planking. The first three strakes flare evenly upwards, while the fourth shows a distinct flattening out. This suggests a flared V-bottom such as might be expected towards one or other of the vessel's extremities. Scale 50 cm.

The reverse side of Perth05. Scale 25 cm. (Cat No 84/A6085)

Unused wrought-iron roves used to secure the rivet fastenings on the inside of the plank-joins. They were produced in strips with pre-struck holes for the rivet shank, and chisel-cuts so they could be broken off like pieces of chocolate. Scale in cm.

Perth, 75-85 High Street, NO12SW 103, Ordnance Survey index card, page number 2, Recto

Perth, 75-85 High Street, NO12SW 103, Ordnance Survey index card, page number 3, Recto

An oak claw thole from a clinker-built vessel, apparently re-used in a building in a context dating from the second half of the 12th century. These devices were mounted on top of the gunwale as fulcrums against which the oars were pivoted. The oars were restrained on the backstroke by a rope or leather thong grommet for which the upper holes was provided. These items are a common feature of early Northern European boats and have survived in Scandinavia into modern times. One was recognised as a sand-impression on the 7th-century AD Sutton Hoo ship, while others have been identified on the 4th-century AD Nydam ship, and on the small faering found with the 9th-century AD Gokstadt ship. (Cat No 84/A6085)

Top view of upright thole (Perth03 and Perth10). Overall length 76 cm. (Cat No 269/A05–0224)

Perth, 75-85 High Street, NO12SW 103, Ordnance Survey index card, page number 1, Recto

Probable oar-port shutter from a 13th-century context. Such devices were intended to keep the oar-ports of clinker-built ships weather-proof when not in use. They were mounted on pivots inside the hull so they could be swung clear when the ports needed to be open, and were equipped with an arrangement whereby they could be secured in whichever position was required. The triangular appendage on this example presumably fulfilled this function and the two small notches near its point were no doubt intended for a fixing loop. The use of such a cover implies a vessel with greater freeboard than one whose oars were operated from tholes set atop the gunwale. This object is therefore a relic of what was probably a substantial sea-gong ship propelled primarily by sail. It may not have been dissimilar to the well-known sailing galley depicted on the tomb of Alexander MacLeod at Rodel in Harris. (Cat No 354/A6476)

This oak frame timber has many similarities to Perth07. In view of the relatively close spatial and chronological contexts within which they were found, both may be parts of the same vessel. The seating for the keel, as with Perth07, is 90 mm wide, while a similar 30-mm limber-hole is present. If they are from the same hull then the limber-holes, which must have been located along the same side of the keel to permit a free run of water, provide a relative orientation. This suggests that the two frames may come from towards the opposite ends of the vessel. Scale 50 cm. (Cat No 88/A12563)

Top view of claw thole (see Perth 05-06). (Cat No 84/A6085)

Bar-chart showing plank-joint thicknesses as indicated by the shank-length between the rivet-head and rove of the boat fastenings (see Perth15 and 19).

Both types of tholes from clinker-built boats (see Perth02, 03, 09-11). (Cat Nos 84/A6085 and 269/A05–0224)

Reverse side of upright thole (Perth03). Overall length 76 cm. (Cat No 269/A05–0224)

Reverse view of Perth12. Scale in cm.

Perth, 75-85 High Street, NO12SW 103, Ordnance Survey index card, Recto

Collections

Administrative Areas

Council Perth And Kinross
Parish Perth
Former Region Tayside
Former District Perth And Kinross
Former County Perthshire

Archaeology Notes

NO12SW 103 1188 2365.

A large site between High Street and Mill Street was investigated prior to the construction of the Marks and Spencer Store. One trench sectioned the late thirteenth century town wall (NO12SW 5) and external ditch. Other areas showed respectively, traces of industrial activity associated with the tanning industry the plan of the old Parliament House (NO12SW 47) wattle structures associated with burgages in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and a stone building of the fourteenth century. Large quantities of artifacts, including textiles, leather, wood, bone, glass and pottery were recovered.

N Q Bogdan and J W Wordsworth 1976; N Q Bogdan 1977; A T Simpson and A S Stevenson 1982.

References

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