Desk Based Assessment

Date 1956

Event ID 690921

Category Recording

Type Desk Based Assessment

Permalink http://canmore.org.uk/event/690921

NO61SW 6 6327 1009.

Name Constantine's Cave (NR).

OS 6" map, (1919).

Constantine's Cave. was excavated by A G B Wace and Professor Jehu in June 1914.

Traces of a mortar built wall were found running across the mouth of the cave and there is evidence to show that the whole front of the cave was at one time walled and roofed in where the natural rocky roof fails, probably to be used as a habitation or chapel.

The main occupation layer was found about 1ft below the surface, covering the whole floor of the cave, and consisted of black earth varying from 2 1/2 feet in thickness near the entrance to 6 inches in the middle of the cave and thinning rapidly further in.

Finds from this layer consisted of, inter alia:

1. Bones of Red deer, ox, Turbary sheep, horse, rabbit and whale. Some pieces of bone and antler had been fashioned into implements such as borers and chisels.

2. Shells of crab, limpet, periwinkle and mussel.

3. Part of a Roman glass bottle

4. Two small and one large fragment of fine red-surfaced Romano-British ware.

5. Many fragments of Roman amphorae which, when complete, must have stood about 2 1/2 to 3 feet high and were about 1ft 8 inches in diameter. They are of coarse clay with an exterior creamy slip. Only two jars could be partially restored with any certainty, but there would seem to have been at least three more. One handle bears the stamp PMSA while another jar has VD incised on the surface near the bottom. The jars are not Romano-British ware but were made in Spain, Italy, France or Africa

6. A whetstone and an iron nail 2 1/2 inches long.

A large boulder and a row of 4 slabs within the mortar built wall appears to have formed the front wall of the cave during its early occupation. Near the boulder was a depression in which traces of fire were found.

Part of a hearth for smelting ironstone was found in situ and iron slag was common. "It is clear that the first inhabitants of the cave and the iron- working then carried on are dated by the pottery to the Roman period, probably 2nd century AD."

"The next inhabitation of the cave is noted by the mortar-built wall, numerous crosses incised on the upper parts of the rocky walls and the 'Celtic' animals cut in the rock..." The latter are "similar to those that occur at East Wemyss (NT39NW 3 6-10) where they are found in conjunction with symbols that are common on the second class of the early sculptured monuments in Scotland. Thus they can be dated to the Celtic period or roughly to 800-1000 AD. At this time the cave was perhaps used as a chapel or hermitage as apparently was the case with the caves at Caiplie near Crail (see 50 NE 6)

A J B Wace and Prof Jehu 1915.

Constantine's Cave is situated in the north face of a rocky crag on the shore of Fife Ness, about 300 yards north west of Craighead farm. Its total depth is 24ft., the mouth is 10ft. wide, and the roof 12ft. high. The walls are sculptured with a series of incised crosses and two crude figuures of animals. The name attached to the cave is that of Constantine II, King of Alba (903-943).

Stone coffins which may or may not have been connected with the occupation, have been found in the immediate vicinity of the cave.

RCAHMS 1933.