Publication Account
Date 2010
Event ID 1019599
Category Descriptive Accounts
Type Publication Account
Permalink http://canmore.org.uk/event/1019599
The Cistercian abbey of Balmerino is situated on a terrace overlooking the Tay estuary. Founded in 1226/7 by Alexander II and Queen Ermengarde, it was burned by the English in 1547 and raided by reformers in 1559. After the Reformation the abbey was granted to a series of commendators, who may be responsible for some of the changes which may be seen in the buildings. It was subsequently erected into a lordship for the Elphinstone lords of Balmerino. However, most of the demolition of the surviving buildings appears to have carried out in the early seventeenth century by the second Lord Balmerino for use in the repair of the church at Monifieth.
A programme of survey and recording was initiated by RCAHMS in 2006 and completed in 2009. This was a response, in part, to a request from Scotia Archaeology Ltd, who had been engaged by RonCal Developments to record the archaeology revealed in the course of the conversion to housing of the farmsteading, which lay to the north of the ruins of the Cistercian Abbey of Balmerino, and, in part, to a request from the Balmerino History Group to carry out a topographical survey of the abbey remains and its surrounding landscape in the hope of defining the abbey precinct. The immediate task was to place the farmsteading in the context of the wider abbey buildings on a plan at a scale sufficiently large to include the details of openings and the different phases of construction. A plan at a scale of 1:200 was drawn up which included the two parts of the site, based upon a Total Station survey. Using this plan as a base, an interpretation of the main phases of activity was produced which identified: the original structure, the conversion of the east range of the abbey to a commendator’s house, the Improvement Period farmsteading and modern repairs to the ruins. A full photographic survey of the conventual buildings was also carried out and there was a Total Station survey of the remains of the mill site in the river gully to the north-east, at the site of the so-called Monk’s Well and the eighteenth century mill dam and lade leading to the Abbey mill by the sea shore.
THE MONASTIC BUILDINGS
The surviving features comprised fragments of the abbey church, the east range, the freestanding building to the east known as the Abbot’s House and the large two storey building known as the Abbey Barn to the north, which was incorporated in the Improvement Period farmsteading. Nothing of the precinct wall now remains. Campbell speculates about its course across the field to the south of the abbey church, which is now partly occupied by the almshouses. In this area, he observed a ridge from east to west across the field and identified it as the line of the wall. Although the plough had disturbed some stone work in this area on the date of survey, there was no visible topography to support it. Geophysical survey would be the best method of investigating this possibility.
The abbey is laid out according to a standard conventual design, but with the cloister to the north, as at Melrose. Nothing of the north and west range survive except for the raggles of the return of the cloister walls on the church and east range walls. Indeed, it is by no means certain that a west range ever existed since there is no raggle for a parallel wall to make the other side of the range, although there is space for it; because the facings of the wall have been robbed at this point, a range may be inferred. However, the basal chamfer of the cloister wall along the north side of the church runs under the raggle which suggests that the original design of the west range had been changed. Campbell refers to a large building used as stables in the area of the farmhouse, which may have been the west range designed to provide accommodation for the conversi (Campbell 1899, 298).
The east range does not now extend far enough to show any trace of the other wall of the north range. It still stands to first floor level, and to the roofline on two sides of the chapter house. This building with its large mullioned windows and late Gothic vaulting is the most interesting architectural survival on the site. Its north end has been demolished and altered in its conversion to a house for the commendator. The east range includes, from south to north: the sacristry, the chapter house, the stairs to the dormitory, a passage or slype and some cellars, the latter probably belonging to the commendator’s house. The foundations of two parallel walls, revealed in the Scotia excavations to the north of the east range and which were aligned with it, have been interpreted as the east range extending 7-8m further to the north. The refectory may be presumed to lie in the north range.
The so-called Abbot’s House situated 35m to the east is a two bay structure with a vaulted basement. Aligned on the same orientation as the rest of the monastery, it measured about 9.5m by 7.5m overall, on the assumption that the two basement chambers are of equal size, but it cannot have been much longer due to the cut of the river terrace immediately to the north. Its walls are 1m thick and are partly faced with thin rubble slabs with some squared ashlar work, suggesting that it had been relieved of its dressed stone. The quoins of the openings are well-constructed in grey sandstone ashlar, as is the vault. There is a chamfered round arched entrance between the two chambers and window lights to east and west in the surviving chamber, with chamfered arrises. A secondary entrance has been cut in the west wall to the south of the window opening, which has been blocked and a press arranged in the blocking. The base of the window in the east wall has been partially blocked. As it stands, it would be small for an infirmary, the suggested alternative to an Abbot’s House. The shallow arched openings of the windows and the round-arched door between the two basements suggest a late medieval date. Campbell notes that it was once called the Commendator’s House and that this became the residence of Lord Balmerino (Campbell 1899, 299). He notes that it was once approached by a stair on its west, now gone, and had another on the east leading to a garden and a kitchen entrance, which may be the opening in the west of the basement.
To the north of the cloisters one abbey building still stands, the so-called Abbey Barn. This building measures 20m WSW and ENE by 7.2m in breadth over brown sandstone rubble walls, 0.9 m in thickness, increasing to
1.2 m at the gable. The building is a parallelogram aligned with the Cloisters at the gable but orientated obliquely to the cloisters along its length, probably to avoid existing structures at its east end. It stands two storeys in height and has a steeply pitched roof. There is a scarcement along the inside of the walls above the ground floor windows to support the first floor joists. Any original window lights in the first floor might be expected to have dormers, since no obvious sign remains in the stonework. The skewput on the north-west corner of the building is decorated with a shield bearing an unidentified armorial device. There is an entrance with a deeply chamfered gothic arch of late thirteenth century gate 6m from the west gable and another wider opening with similar chamfered quoins some 5m further east. This is a double width entrance suitable for a barn, but its lintel is modern timber, and a two centred arch would leave a trace in the stonework above the entrance. The original opening could have been widened after the Reformation. The domestic scale of the entrance to the west is inappropriate in a barn and there would be less need for a first floor in a barn, although a loft would be a possibility. In between the two entrances there is a slit window with a square head, again of a domestic character. The excavations by Scotia revealed an extensive area of cobbles to the west of the building, with a distinct camber suggesting a roadway. The foundation of a thick wall ran up to the south end of the west gable on the same alignment, which may be the remains of a precinct wall enclosing the outer court of the Monastery. Scotia also excavated a corn-drying kiln, probably of seventeenth century date, in the east end of the barn.
Information from ‘The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland, Commissioners’ Field Meeting 2010'.
